| 27. AMERICAN HORNBEAM blue-beech, ironwood, water beech Carpinus caroliniana Walter |
| American hornbeam is a small-sized, bushy tree, found frequently along watercourses and the edges of swamps generally throughout the state. It is rarely more than 6 inches in diameter. The wood is very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, and is occasionally used for mallets on account of its hardness. |
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| Bark - smooth,
thin, dark bluish gray in color, close-fitting, with smooth, rounded lengthwise ridges
that resemble tensed muscles. Twigs - very slender, dark red in color, and shining. Winter buds - terminal bud absent; lateral buds small, often angled in cross-section, narrowly ovate, pointed, covered with many reddish brown scales. Leaves - simple, alternate, ovate, 2 to 4 inches long, finely and doubly serrate on margin. Fruit - a small prominently ribbed nutlet, 1/3 inch long, enclosed in a 3-lobed leaf-like bract. Bracts with their enclosed nutlets are in long, drooping clusters which ripen and fall before winter. Distinguishing features - "muscles" in bark; fruit a nutlet enclosed in 3-part "dress."
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