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DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA

FAMILIES OF FERNS AND FERN ALLIES

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF FERNS AND FERN ALLIES


1. LYCOPODIACEAE

(CLUB-MOSS FAMILY)

1. Sporangia borne in the axils of the normal foliage leaves; stems not extensively creeping, forked. go to 1. HUPERZIA

1. Sporangia borne in terminal spikes; stems often long-creeping, variously branched. go to 2.


2. Sporophylls green and leaf-like; stems julaceous. go to 2. LYCOPODIELLA

2. Sporophylls yellowish, much modified, scale-like. go to 3.


3. Branches not fan-shaped nor fastigiately branched, julaceous, the slender leaves radiating in all directions, or if fan-shaped, the spikes sessile. go to 3. LYCOPODIUM

3. Branches fan-shaped or fastigiately branched; spikes clustered on a long, common peduncle. go to 4. DIPHASIASTRUM


1. HUPERZIA Bernh. GEMMA FIR-MOSS.

1. Huperzia lucidula (Michaux) Trevisan. SHINING FIR-MOSS.

SYNONYMS: Urostachys lucidulus (Michaux) Nessel; Lycopodium lucidulum Michx.

HABITAT: Deep damp gravelly or sandy woodlands, mostly under hemlocks, in deep humus over nearly neutral soils; frequent. Aug.-Sept.

LOCALITIES: West Danby; s. of Key Hill; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek (F. B. Hine in C. U. Herb.!); Caroline hills; e. of Slaterville; Richford; Ringwood; McLean Bogs; Shurger Glen; around the Junius peat bogs; Duck Lake.

RANGE: Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. E., N. Y., Ind., Iowa, and Wash., and in the mts. to S. C.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.


2. LYCOPODIELLA Holub. BOG CLUBMOSS.

1. Lycopodiella innundata (L.) Holub. NORTHERN BOG CLUBMOSS.

SYNONYM: Lycopodiella inundatum L.

HABITAT: Acid moors of peat bogs in sandy regions; rare. July-Aug.

LOCALITIES: Freeville Bog, 1876 (F. B. Hine in C. U. Herb.); Junius peat bogs, first collected in 1894 (K. M. W.).

RANGE: Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., Ill., Mich., Idaho, and Wash., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.


3. LYCOPODIUM L. CLUBMOSS.

1. Branches fan-shaped or fastigiately branched; leaves 3-5 mm. long. go to 3. Lycopodium obscurum

1. Branches not as above. go to 2.


2. Spikes 1-several, the cluster peduncled; leaves ascending, bristle-tipped. go to 2. Lycopodium clavatum

2. Spike solitary, sessile; leaves more or less reflexed, not bristle-tipped. go to 3.


3. Leaves serrate, thin, rather broad. go to 1. Lycopodium annotinum

3. Leaves entire or obscurely serrate, firm, narrow. go to Lycopodium annotinum var. acrifolium


1. Lycopodium annotinum L. BRISTLY CLUBMOSS, STIFF CLUBMOSS.

HABITAT: Low or rather dry woods, with humus on gravelly noncalcareous soils; rare. Aug.-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Rich woods along a stream in the hills w. of Spencer Lake (A. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels).

RANGE: Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., N. Y., Mich., Wis., Colo., Idaho, and Wash.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.



Lycopodium annotinum var. acrifolium Fernald.

HABITAT: In situations similar to the preceding but usually more exposed; rare, but more frequent than the species itself. Aug.-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Newfield, near Key Hill swamp; McLean Bogs (D. in C. U. Herb., also A. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels). [Also, n. e. corner of Van Etten, A. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels.]

RANGE: Newf. to Mich., southw. to Pa. Found also in Siberia.



2. Lycopodium clavatum L. RUNNING-CEDAR, STAGHORN CLUBMOSS.

SYNONYM: Lycopodium clavatum var. subremotum Victorin.

HABITAT: Dry sterile grassy banks and dry open woods, on sandy or gravelly noncalcareous soils; infrequent. Aug. 15-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Hills of Spencer, Danby, and Newfield; Richford; Ringwood (D. in C. U. Herb.!); McLean Bogs; Wyckoff and Townley Swamps.

RANGE: Lab. to Alaska, southw. to N. C., Mich., and Wash., including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia and tropical Am.

Spores of this and other species are inflammable and were formerly much used in photography and stage effects.



3. Lycopodium obscurum L. GROUND PINE, EASTERN TREE CLUBMOSS.

SYNONYMS: Lycopodium dendroideum Michaux; Lycopodium hickeyi W.H. Wagner; Lycopodium obscurum L. var. isophyllum Hickey

HABITAT: Dry sterile banks and open woods, on gravelly or sandy noncalcareous soils; infrequent. Sept.-Nov.

LOCALITIES: Hilltops, s. e. corner of Newfield; s. of Caroline Depot; hillside s. of Brookton; Richford; Ellis Hollow (D. in C. U. Herb.); Ringwood; McLean Bogs; near Townley Swamp; Spring Lake.

RANGE: Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C. and Ind., including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain.

No typical plants of var. dendroideum (Michx.) D.C. Eaton have been found within the limits of the Cayuga Lake Basin, but occasional transitional plants occur.


4. DIPHASIASTRUM Holub. FALSE-DIPHASIUM.

1. Branchlets (1.5) 2-3 mm. wide, yellowish green; horizontal stems on or near the surface of the ground. go to 1. Diphasiastrum digitatum

1. Branchlets 1-1.75 (2) mm. wide, bluish green, more fastigiate; horizontal stems rather deeply buried in the ground. go to 2. Diphasiastrum tristachyum


1. Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dillenius ex A. Braun) Holub. SOUTHERN RUNNING PINE.

SYNONYMS: Lycopodium digitatum Dillenius ex A. Braun; Lycopodium complanatum L.; Lycopodium complanatum var. flabelliforme Fernald; Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fernald) Blanchard.

HABITAT: Dry sterile banks and open woods, on gravelly or sandy noncalcareous soils, infrequent. Sept.-Nov.

LOCALITIES: Enfield Glen (D. in C. U. Herb.); North Spencer, s. of station; e. of Caroline Depot; Michigan Hollow; Richford hills; hilltops of Caroline (D. in C. U. Herb.!), Danby, Newfield, and Dryden; Ringwood; McLean Woods; Lake Como; Wyckoff Swamp; Spring Lake; Junius. A specimen from Duck Lake (F. P. Metcalf, A. H. Wright, & A. J. E.) resembles Lycopodium complanatum L., but it may be only a shade form.

RANGE: Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C., Ky., and Idaho; occasional on the Coastal Plain.

R. T. Clausen listed Lycopodium complanatum, synonym of Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.)Holub. in his checklist, but this northern species may not be present here.



2. Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) Holub. GROUND-CEDAR, NORTHERN GROUND PINE.

SYNONYM: Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh.

HABITAT: Habitat similar to that of the last preceding species; rare. Aug.

LOCALITIES: Hilltops of Van Etten, Spencer, Danby, Caroline, and Newfield (A. J. E., K. M. W., L. H. MacDaniels, & L. F. Randolph); locally abundant in the s. e. corner of Newfield and 1 1/2 miles n. of Caroline Center; woods along Beaver Brook and McLean Bogs (W. C. Muenscher).

RANGE: Newf. to Lake Superior, southw. to Del. and in the mts. to Ga.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu.


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2. SELAGINELLACEAE

(SPIKEMOSS FAMILY)

1. SELAGINELLA Beauv. SPIKEMOSS.

1. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. ROCK SPIKEMOSS.

SYNONYM: Lycopodium rupestris L.

HABITAT: Dry exposed cliff crests, in noncalcareous sterile soils; rare. Sept.-Oct.

LOCALITIES: Taughannock Gorge, n. side above the falls (D. in C. U. Herb.!), still persisting in this restricted area.

RANGE: N. S. and Ont. to the Pacific coast, southw. to Ga. and Mo., but apparently rare on the coastal plain of N. E. Found also in Eurasia.



[Selaginella apoda (L.) Fernald. CREEPING SPIKEMOSS.

Not yet found within the limits of this flora, but occurring on low grassy soils over marl on the borders of Green Lake, Preble, Cortland Co.]


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3. ISOETACEAE

(QUILLWORT FAMILY)

1. ISOETES L. QUILLWORT.

1. Megaspores with slender jagged spines; low plants, usually submerged. go to 1. Isoetes echinospora var. braunii

1. Megaspores alveolate; plants taller, 1-4 dm. high, usually emersed. go to 2. Isoetes engelmannii


1. Isoetes echinospora Dur., var. braunii (Dur.) Engelm. QUILLWORT.

SYNONYMS: Isoetes braunii Durieu; Isoetes echinospora subsp. muricata (Durieu) A. Love & D. Love; Isoetes echinospora var. boottii Engelmann; Isoetes echinospora var. muricata (Durieu) Engelmann; Isoetes muricata Durieu; Isoetes setacea Lamarck subsp. muricata.

HABITAT: Sandy lake bottoms, in shallow waters; rare. July-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Cayuta Lake, w. shore (D. in C. U. Herb.); Duck Lake (K. M. W., A. J. E., & F. P. Metcalf).

RANGE: Newf. to B. C., southw. to Pa. and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain.



2. Isoetes engelmannii A. Br. ENGELMANN'S QUILLWORT.

SYNONYM: Isoetes valida (Engelmann) Clute.

HABITAT: Marly mud, usually emersed but submerged in spring and during seasons of high water; rare. July-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Small pocket along w. edge of Cortland marl pond region, also about a small pond s. w. of Chicago Bog (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Lake Como (Locke Pond, D. in C. U. Herb., 1881).

RANGE: N. H. and Vt. to Pa., Ill., and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain.


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4. EQUISETACEAE

(HORSETAIL FAMILY)

1. EQUISETUM (Tourn.) L. HORSETAIL.

1. Stems annual, mostly soft and pliant, at least the sterile ones usually with whorls of branches and excurrent; spikes blunt. go to 2.

1. Stems perennial, all alike, stiff and harsh, normally unbranched or irregularly branched near the base; spikes apiculate. go to 5.


2. Sheaths on the main stem with 15-20 firm dark persistent teeth, close; stems practically alike, green, reed-like, branched or simple; central cavity 4/5 diam. of stem; vallecular canals small or lacking; silica in tiny transverse ridges; branches mostly near the middle of the stem, strongly ascending, subsimple, of varying thickness. go to 4. Equisetum fluviatile

2. Sheaths on the main stem with 8-12 teeth; central cavity of stem 1/6 to 2/3 diam. of stem; stem with prominent vallecular canals. go to 3.


3. Stems practically alike, branched, excurrent, green; silica in tiny transverse ridges; sheaths of the stem rather loose, with black scarious-margined teeth; branches strongly ascending, straight, subsimple. go to 3. Equisetum palustre

3. Stems dimorphic, the early ones fertile, succulent, brown or flesh-colored, the later ones much branched and greener. go to 4.


4. Teeth on the main stem black, moderately firm, scarcely cohering; fertile stems unbranched (except in one form), soon perishing; sterile stems obscurely excurrent, the branches ascending, subsimple, rather straight; silica in scattered dots. go to 1. Equisetum arvense

4. Teeth on the main stem light brown, subscarious, cohering in broad lobes; fertile stems at length sparingly branched and persisting; sterile stems strongly excurrent, the branches fine, irregular, drooping, branched; silica in two rows of hooked spicules. go to 2. Equisetum sylvaticum


5. Stems tall, reed-like, hollow, many-grooved, 3-7 mm in diam.; sheaths many- toothed, the teeth soon deciduous. go to 5. Equisetum hyemale subsp. affine

5. Stems low, solid, very slender, 6-grooved, tufted and flexuous, about 0.5 mm. in diam.; sheaths mostly 3-toothed. go to 6. Equisetum scirpoides


1. Equisetum arvense L. COMMON HORSETAIL.

HABITAT: Moist or rather dry sandy or gravelly soils lacking in humus, also found frequently in clay, in open places especially along embankments; common. Apr.-May 15.

RANGE: Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C. and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.

The forma decumbens (Meyer) Luers. (see Fern Bul. 7: 86. 1899), with the fertile stems bearing persistent green branches as on sterile stems, was found in the bog at Lake Como (W. C. Muenscher & R. S. Nanz).



2. Equisetum sylvaticum L. WOOD HORSETAIL.

SYNONYM: Equisetum sylvaticum L. var. pauciramosum Milde.

HABITAT: Boggy meadow land and swampy woods, on gravelly, neutral, often alluvial, soils; frequent. May-June 10.

LOCALITIES: Hilltop n. w. of North Spencer; near headwaters of Dry Run; s. w. of Key Hill; Michigan Hollow Swamp; Warren woodlot, Fall Creek; Ellis Hollow, in alluvial soil; Freeville Bog (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs.

RANGE: Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Va., Ohio, and Iowa, including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.

All the material seen from the Cayuga Lake Basin is forma multiramosum Fernald (Rhodora 20:131. 1918).



3. Equisetum palustre L. MARSH HORSETAIL.

SYNONYM: Equisetum palustre var. americanum Victorin.

HABITAT: Marl bogs and springs; rare. July.

LOCALITIES: Larch Meadow, 1922 (W. E. Manning!).

RANGE: Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ill., and Wash.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.



4. Equisetum fluviatile L. WATER HORSETAIL, PIPES.

SYNONYM: Equisetum limosum L.; Equisetum fluviatile of Gray's Man., ed. 7.

HABITAT: Swales and mud banks, in calcareous or neutral soils; frequent. May 25-June.

LOCALITIES: Inlet Marshes (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Cascadilla Creek, toward Ellis Hollow; Renwick flats; pond at Mecklenburg; swale w. of Jacksonville; e. of Montezuma; on the quaking moor of Vandemark Pond; and elsewhere.

RANGE: Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Va., Nebr., and Oreg.; less common on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.



5. Equisetum hyemale L. subsp. affine (Engelmann) Calder and Roy L. Tayor. SCOURING RUSH.

SYNONYMS: Equisetum robustianum var. affine Engelmann; Equisetum hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eaton.; Equisetum praealtum Raf.; Equisetum hyemale var. robustum (A. Br.) A.A. Eaton.; Equisetum hyemale var. californicum J. Milde; Equisetum hyemale var. pseudohyemale (Farwell) C.V. Morton.

HABITAT: Springy or dry sandy open or shaded banks, in noncalcareous, often alluvial, soils; frequent. May-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Danby, near Fir Tree Swamp; near mouth of Enfield Glen; near Buttermilk Glen; Six Mile Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.!); South Ave., Ithaca; McLean; railroad n. of Esty Glen; Taughannock; sandy lake shore n. of Levanna; Howland Point; sandy field, Junius.

RANGE: Canada to Mex.; more common e. of the Mississippi River, but infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

The European species, E. hyemale L., and the American variety, affine, do not seem distinct enough to be recognized as separate species, as they are by some authors.



6. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. DWARF SCOURING RUSH.

HABITAT: Stream banks and hummocks in low, mostly coniferous, woods, on gravelly soils; scarce. May-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Ravine n. of Buttermilk Glen; Six Mile Creek, in runs near Potter Falls; Mud Creek Swamp; woods along Beaver Brook.

RANGE: Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Ill., and B. C.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.


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5. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

(ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY)

1. Veins reticulated; sterile segments entire; sporangia coherent in a simple spike. 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM

1. Veins free; sterile segments deeply lobed, pinnate, ternate, or even twice compound; sporangia separate, in panicles, rarely in a simple spike. 2. BOTRYCHIUM


1. OPHIOGLOSSUM (Tourn.) L. ADDER'S TONGUE.

1. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. ADDER'S TONGUE FERN.

SYNONYMS: Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fernald) A. Love & D. Love; Ophioglossum vulgatum var. pycnosticum Fernald.

HABITAT: Damp sterile turfy acid (?) pasture land over gravels, and borders of swamps; rare. June 15-July.

LOCALITIES: Around Headwaters Swamp, 1924 (A. M. VanDeman); w. end of Mud Creek Swamp (W. C. Muenscher); McLean, "near McLean Bogs" (D. in C. U. Herb.) and between the railroad and Mud Pond (E. E. Barker); one mile e. of East Lansing (A. A. Wright); meadow, Montezuma.

RANGE: P. E. I. to Ont., southw. to Fla., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.


2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. GRAPE FERN.

1. Fronds large, 30-60 cm. tall; sheathing base of stalk covering the bud but open down one side; sterile part of frond sessile just above the middle of the plant, membranous. go to 6. Botrychium virginianum

1. Fronds small or of medium size, 5-15 (25) cm. tall; sheathing base of stalk completely closed around the bud; sterile part of frond fleshy. go to 2.


2. Sterile part long-stalked, inserted near the base of the plant, ternately decompound. go to 6.

2. Sterile part of frond sessile or short-stalked, inserted at summiti or various heights. go to 3.


3. Sterile part of frond sessile or short-stalked, inserted at various heights, small, pinnate, rarely simple, its segments crenate or entire, obtuse. go to 4.

3. Sterile part sessile near the summit of the plant, subternate, its ultimate segments narrow, acutish. go to 3. Botrychium lanceolatum subsp. angustisegmentum


4. Segments of the sterile part oblong, often crenate at apex; veins repeatedly forking; sterile part inserted toward summit of plant. go to 2. Botrychium matricariaefolium

4. Segments of the sterile part obovate. go to 5.


5. Veins forking repeatedly; sterile part of frond pinnatifid, bent over at apex in the bud, inserted toward summit of plant. go to 1. Botrychium lunaria var. onondagense

5. Veins forking from base of lobes; fronds smaller, the sterile part little divided, erect in the bud, inserted at base of plant. go to [Botrychium simplex]


6. Ultimate segments ovate-oblong, acutish. go to 4. Botrychium dissectum

6. Ultimate segments ovate or obvate, obtuse or rounded, tending toward flabelliform. go to 5. Botrychium multifidum


1. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. var. onondagense (Underw.) House. GRAPE FERN.

SYNONYMS: Osmunda lunaria L.; Botrychium onondagense L. Underwood.

LOCALITIES: Danby, 1882 (F. C. Curtice and W. R. Dudley, in C. U. Herb.).

RANGE: Known previously only from Onondaga Co., N. Y.

The Danby specimens are well developed and answer very well to the descriptions and figures of this variety. No other disposition of them seems possible. (See Bul. N. Y. State Mus. 254:13. 1924.)



[Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. GRAPE FERN.

SYNONYMS: Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock var. tenebrosum (A.A. Eaton) R.T. Clausen; Botrychium tenebrosum A.A. Eaton.

Reported from Danby by Dudley (see Peck, Rept. N. Y. State Bot. 36: 40. 1884), but the Dudley specimens in the C. U. Herb. from that locality are Botrychium lunaria, var. onondagense; also reported from Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake (L. Griscom, F. P. Metcalf, & A. H. Wright, see Rhodora 19:33. 1917), but these specimens are Botrychium matricariaefolium.]



2. Botrychium matricariaefolium A. Br. GRAPE FERN.

SYNONYMS: Botrychium ramosum (Roth) Asch.; Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz var. matricariifolium Doell.

HABITAT: Grassy open woodlands, in gravelly soil; frequent. June 15-July.

LOCALITIES: North Spencer, hill n. w. of station; Bull Hill, Newfield; Six Mile Creek; Ringwood; Freeville Bog; McLean Woods; Malloryville Bog (D. in C. U. Herb.); near Townley Swamp and near Wyckoff Swamp; near Turtle Pond; rich woods, Featherbed Bog; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake.

RANGE: E. Que. and N. S. to S. Dak., southw. to Md. and Nebr.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Wash. and in Eu.



3. Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G. Gmelin) Angstroem subsp. angustisegmentum (Pease & A.H. Moore) R.T. Clausen. GRAPE FERN.

SYNONYM: Botrychium angustisegmentum (Pease & Moore) Fernald

HABITAT: In situations similar to those of the last-named species, and often growing with it; frequent. July.

LOCALITIES: The narrows between Slaterville and Caroline Center; hill s. w. of West Danby; Danby (D. in C. U. Herb.); s. e. of Etna; McLean Woods; Townley Swamp; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake; near Featherbed Bog.

RANGE: N. S. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Ohio, Colo., and Wash.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.



4. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. GRAPE FERN.

SYNONYM: Botrychium obliquum Muhl. in Willd.

HABITAT: Damp or dry turf and moss in old pastures, over neutral or acid gravels; frequent. Aug 15-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Spencer Lake; Ellis Hollow; e. of Freeville and n. of McLean (D. in C. U. Herb.); Townley Swamp; near Junius marl ponds; e. of Featherbed Bog; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake.

RANGE: N. B. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Mo., Ark., and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

A form with the segments of the frond merely crenate is forma obliquum (Muhl.) Fernald (see Rhodora 23:151. 1921). It has been found, often with the typical form, at the following localities: hills of West Danby; n. w. of Spencer Lake; hills of Brookton; Enfield Glen; Richford; Ringwood; McLean region; Beaver Brook; Townley Swamp; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake.



5. Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmelin) Ruprecht. LEATHERY GRAPE FERN.

SYNONYMS: Osmunda multifida S.G. Gmelin; Botrychium californicum L. Underwood; Botrychium coulteri L. Underwood; Botrychium silaifolium C. Presl;Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw.;Botrychium ternatum var. intermedium D.C. Eaton.; Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) House; Botrychium ternatum (Thunberg) Swartz var. oneidense Gilbert; Botrychium dissectum Sprengel var. oneidense (Gilbert) Farwell; Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmelin) Ruprecht var. oneidense (Gilbert) Farwell.

HABITAT: In situations similar to those of the last-named species and growing with it, perhaps more often in sandy soils; rare.

LOCALITIES: Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake (F. P. Metcalf & A. H. Wright).

RANGE: N. N. E. to B. C., southw. to Mass., N. Y., and Oreg.



6. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. RATTLESNAKE FERN, GRAPE FERN.

SYNONYM: Osmunda virginiana L.

HABITAT: Dry or moist gravelly or sandy, often alluvial, woodlands, with little reference to lime content of the soil; frequent, and widely distributed. May 20-June.

RANGE: Lab. to B. C., southw. to Fla., La., Ariz., and Wash., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain, where it is common. Found also in Mex., W. I., and Eurasia.


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6. OSMUNDACEAE

(FLOWERING FERN FAMILY)

1. OSMUNDA (Tourn.) L. FLOWERING-FERN

1. Fronds wholly dimorphic, the sterile fronds 1-pinnate. 3. Osmunda cinnamomea

1. Fronds similar, fertile at tip or middle. go to 2.


2. Fronds fertile at the tip, 2-pinnate. go to 1. Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis

2. Fronds fertile in the middle, 1-pinnate. go to 2. Osmunda claytoniana


1. Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray. FLOWERING FERN, ROYAL FERN.

SYNONYM: Osmunda spectabilis Willd.

HABITAT: Mucky borders of swamps, in acid soil though in both acid and somewhat calcareous regions; frequent. May 20-June.

LOCALITIES: Pond near Enfield Falls; s. of Caroline Depot; n. w. of Brookton; South Hill Marsh; Renwick Marshes (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Warren woodlot n. of Forest Home; Ellis Hollow; Malloryville Bog; McLean Bogs; Lake Como; n. of Montezuma village; Montezuma Marshes; Junius ponds; Featherbed Bog.

RANGE: Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla., Miss., and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in tropical Am.



2. Osmunda claytoniana L. INTERRUPTED FERN.

HABITAT: In damp fields or woods, in rich, often alluvial, neutral or somewhat acid, soils; frequent, especially on the hills s. of Ithaca. May 20-June 20.

LOCALITIES: North Spencer; Michigan Hollow; Inlet Valley, Newfield; Enfield Glen; Fall Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.), above Forest Home; Turkey Hill; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; and elsewhere.

RANGE: Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C., Ky., and Mo., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in s. Asia.



3. Osmunda cinnamomea L. CINNAMON FERN.

SYNONYM: Osmunda cinnamomea var. glandulosa Waters.

HABITAT: Mucky swamps, in acid soils, most abundant about peat bogs; common in such situations. May 20-June.

RANGE: Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and N. Mex., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Mex., S. A., W. I., and Eurasia.

Sterile fronds of Osmunda claytoniana and O. cinnamomea resemble those of Woodwardia and Thelypteris (see Woodwardia). These species of Osmunda may be distinguished from the species of Thelypteris which they resemble, by the absence of scales on the stipe and by the single large curved bundle in the stipe with inrolled edges. Sterile fronds of O. cinnamomea have tufts of wool at the base of the pinnae and the stipe is 2-ridged throughout. In O. claytoniana the wool is absent and the stipe is ridged only toward the summit.


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7. PTERIDACEAE

(MAIDENHAIR FERN FAMILY)

1. Sori several or many, distinct, at the tips of the fan-shaped pinnules. go to 3. ADIANTUM

1. Sorus apparently continuous along whole margin. go to 2.


2. Fronds delicate, membranous. go to 2. CRYPTOGRAMMA

2. Fronds coriaceous. go to 1. PELLAEA


1. PELLAEA Link. CLIFF BRAKE.

1. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. CLIFF BRAKE.

SYNONYMS: Pteris atropurpurea L.; Pellaea atropurpurea var. cristata Trelease

HABITAT: Crevices and ledges on the face of dry exposed calcareous cliffs; rare. Aug.-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Enfield Glen, near the crest of the high cliffs (A. J. E. & L. F. Randolph); Fall Creek (V. McCoy in C. U. Herb.); Esty Glen (A. H. Wright); ravine n. of Esty Glen (D. in C. U. Herb.); on cliffs along the eastern shore of the lake; n. side of Moore Creek just e. of Ludlowville village, near the large falls (A. Gershoy); Taughannock Gorge, s. side, near the lower end.

RANGE: "N. H." and Vt. to Mackenzie and B. C., southw. to R. I., Ga., Miss., Tex., and Calif., also in northern Mexico; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link var. bushii Mackenzie is a synonym for Pellaea glabella subsp. glabella. This species has not been documented in Cayuga Flora.


2. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. PARSLEY FERN.

1. Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. ROCK BRAKE.

SYNONYMS: Pellaea gracilis Hook.; Pteris stelleri S.G. Gmelin.

HABITAT: Dry shaded ledges in ravines, in calcareous soils; rare. June 25-July.

LOCALITIES: Enfield Glen, above Lucifer Falls (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Fall Creek (D. in C.U. Herb.), opposite the old mill in Forest Home (Mrs. A. E. J. Webster) and back of Prudence Risley Hall (K. M. W.).

RANGE: Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Vt., Conn., N. Y., n. Pa., Ill., Wis., and Colo.; apparently absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Asia.


3. ADIANTUM (Tourn.) L. MAIDENHAIR.

1. Adiantum pedatum L. MAIDENHAIR.

SYNONYMS: Adiantum pedatum forma billingsae Kittredge; Adiantum pedatum forma laciniatum (Hopkins) Weatherby.

HABITAT: Rich damp woodlands, in deep humus over calcareous gravels or loams; frequent. July-Aug.

LOCALITIES: In most of the larger ravines of the basin, as Enfield, Six Mile Creek, Coy Glen, and Salmon Creek; also in woods in the McLean district.

RANGE: Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., La., and Kans., and in the Rocky Mts. to Utah and Calif.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Asia.


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8. DENNSTAEDTIACEAE

(HAY-SCENTED FERN FAMILY)

1. Sorus apparently continuous along the whole margin. go to 1. PTERIDIUM

1. Sori several or many, distinct. go to 2. DENNSTAEDTIA


1. PTERIDIUM Scop. BRACKEN.

1. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in Decken var. latiusculum (Devaux) L. Underwood ex A. Heller. BRACKEN FERN, COMMON BRAKE.

SYNONYMS: Pteridium latiusculum (Desv.) Maxon; Pteridium latiusculum (Desvaux) Fries; Pteris latiuscula Desvaux; Pteris aquilina of Gray's Man., ed. 7.

HABITAT: Dry sandy or gravelly banks and borders of woods, mostly in acid soils; frequent, and locally abundant. Aug. 25-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Hills of Spencer, Danby, and Caroline; about the crests of most of the ravines of the basin; s. w. shore of Cayuga Lake; near Malloryville Bog; and elsewhere.

RANGE: Newf. to Wis. and Wyo., southw. to D. C., W. Va., Ill., and Ariz., including the Coastal Plain.


2. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. HAY-SCENTED FERN.

1. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. HAY-SCENTED FERN.

SYNONYMS: Dicksonia punctilobula and D. pilosiuscula of authors; Nephrodium punctilobulum.

HABITAT: Dry or damp sterile open woods, hillside pastures, and about swamps, in gravelly, weakly calcareous to more or less acid, soils; locally very common. July 25-Sept. 15.

LOCALITIES: Abundant in the McLean and Freeville region; rare about Ithaca; occasional elsewhere, as: n. w. of Spencer station; n. of Caroline Center; Besemer; Six Mile Creek; w. of Townley Swamp; Howland Island; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake.

RANGE: N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain, and lacking in the more sandy parts of that region.


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9. THELYPTERIDACEAE

(MARSH FERN FAMILY)

1. Indusium lacking. go to 1. PHEGOPTERIS

1. Indusium present, horseshoe-shaped or reniform. go to 2. THELYPTERIS


1. PHEGOPTERIS (C. Presl) Fee. BEECH FERN.

1. Fronds usually broader than long, finely puberulent or glandular beneath, or with a few white scales along the veins; rhachis above the lowest pair of pinnae winged; these pinnae 2.5-7 cm. wide, in the same plane as the rest of the blade; pinnules of the lowest pinnae longer than in the next species, and often pinnatifid; veins of the pinnules on the lowest pair of pinnae several times forked. go to 1. Phegopteris hexagonoptera

1. Fronds longer than broad, more coarsely pubescent beneath and with prominent brown scales along the veins; rhachis above the lowest pair of pinnae practically wingless; these pinnae 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, bent upward, perpendicular to the leaf surface; veins simple or once forked. go to 2. Phegopteris connectilis


1. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee. BEECH FERN.

SYNONYMS: Polypodium hexagonopterum Michx.; Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx) C. Christensen; Thelypteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Nieuwland; T. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weatherby.

HABITAT: Damp or rather dry, shady, stony or gravelly, sterile, subacid neutral to slightly calcareous, soils, with much humus; infrequent. June 25-Aug. 10.

LOCALITIES: North Spencer, top of hill n. w. of station; n. of Slaterville Swamp; lower entrance to Enfield Glen; Amphitheater, Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek woods (D. in C. U. Herb.); Warren woodlot n. of Fall Creek, above Forest Home; s. side of Shurger Glen; border of swamp on hill w. of Genoa; low pasture, Canoga.

RANGE: Cent. Me. to w. Que. and Minn., southw. to Fla., La., Iowa, and Okla.; occasional on the Coastal Plain.



2. Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt. BEECH FERN.

SYNONYMS: Polypodium connectile Michx.; Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) C. Christensen; Phegopteris polypodioides Fee; Polypodium phegopteris L.; Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson.

HABITAT: Damp or dry shaded cliffs in ravines and in damp woodlands, in humus mostly on neutral shales and gravels; scarce. June 25-July.

LOCALITIES: Enfield Glen, in several places; the narrows between Slaterville and Caroline Center (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph); low woods, Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville (A. J. E. & A. Gershoy).

RANGE: Newf. (Greenland) to Alaska, southw. to N. Y., Va., Wis., Iowa, and Wash.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.


2. THELYPTERIS Schmidel. MARSH SHIELD FERN.

1. Lowest pinnae scarcely smaller than the middle ones; fronds ovate or narrowly ovate, truncate at base, long-stalked; margins of the fertile pinnules revolute; veins forked; indusium glandless. go to 1. Thelypteris palustris

1. Lowest pinnae smaller than the middle ones; fronds tapering both ways from the middle; margins of the fertile pinnules flat; veins simple; indusium glandular. go to 2. Thelypteris noveboracensis


1. Thelypteris palustris Schott. MARSH SHIELD FERN.

SYNONYMS: Thelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (Lawson) Weatherby; Aspidium thelypteris (L.) Sw.; Acrostichum thelypteris L.; Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) A. Gray.

HABITAT: Boggy meadows, pond shores, and ditches, in acid or slightly calcareous soils; common. Aug. 25-Sept.

LOCALITIES: About the bogs of Spencer, Danby, Caroline, Ithaca, Dryden, and McLean, and those north of Cayuga Lake.

RANGE: Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.

Thelypteris thelypterioides (Michx.) Holub is a misapplied name due to incorrect typification by C.V. Morton (1967). Ref. Tryon et al (1980).



2. Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. NEW YORK FERN.

SYNONYMS: Aspidium noveboracensis (L.) Sw.; Polypodium noveboracensis L.; Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray; Parathelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Ching; Thelypteris thelypterioides (Michx.) Holub.

HABITAT: Damp woodlands, in rich deep humus over gravelly acid or slightly calcareous soils; common. Aug.-Sept. 15.

LOCALITIES: West Danby; Connecticut Hill; Enfield Glen; Six Mile Creek; Ringwood; woods, McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Spring Lake; and elsewhere.

RANGE: Newf. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Ark., including the Coastal Plain.


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10. BLECHNACEAE

(CHAIN FERN FAMILY)

1. WOODWARDIA Sm. CHAIN FERN.

1. Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. CHAIN FERN.

SYNONYMS: Blechnum virginicum L.; Anchistea virginica (L.) C. Presl.

HABITAT: Moor of acid peat bogs, mostly in sandy regions; rare. Aug.-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Woodwardia Bog (D. in C. U. Herb.!); moor of peat bogs, Junius; n. e. end of Duck Lake.

RANGE: N. S. to Fla., La., and Ark., chiefly along the coast; also inland in the Great Lakes region.

Sterile specimens of this species resemble those of Osmunda, Thelypteris, and Athyrium, from which they may be distinguished by the fronds being scattered and by the presence of areolae in the venation along the midrib. The numerous bundles in the lower part of the stipe also serve to distinguish this genus from Osmunda.


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11. ASPLENIACEAE

(SPLEENWORT FAMILY)

1. ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT.

1. Veins netted; fronds lanceolate, undivided, rooting at the slender tip; sori variously disposed. go to 1. Asplenium rhizophyllum

1. Veins free except the lowest, the tips not anastomosing; fronds 1-2-pinnate. go to 2.


2. Fronds 8-22 cm. long; pinnae small, 3-8 mm. long, orbicular or short-oblong, not auricled. go to 2. Asplenium trichomanes

2. Fronds 20-50 cm. long; pinnae oblong-linear, larger, 10-35 mm. long, auricled on one or both sides. go to 3. Asplenium platyneuron


1. Asplenium rhizophyllum L. WALKING LEAF FERN.

SYNONYM: Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link.

HABITAT: Shaded ledges on calcareous cliffs in ravines; frequent. July-Sept.

LOCALITIES: Enfield Glen; ravine n. of Lick Brook; Buttermilk Glen; Old Buttermilk Ravine; Six Mile Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Cascadilla Glen; Fall Creek, at Beebe Lake and suspension bridge; ledges at s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake and small ravines near by; Taughannock Gorge; Shurger Glen; Paine Creek; probably in other ravines. A small quantity in each place.

RANGE: Cent. Me. to Ottawa and Minn., southw. to Ga. and Kans.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain.



2. Asplenium trichomanes L. MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT.

SYNONYMS: Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes; Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E. Meyer.

HABITAT: Dry or damp shaded ledges, on calcareous rocks in ravines; common. June-Oct.

LOCALITIES: Common in nearly all the ravines of the basin, and occasionally found along the lake cliffs.

RANGE: Nearly throughout N. A. except in the extreme North and in Mex.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.



3. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. EBONY SPLEENWORT.

SYNONYMS: Asplenium ebeneum Ait.; Asplenium platyneuron var. bacculum-rubrum (Fernald) Fernald; Asplenium platyneuron var. incisum (E.C. Howe) Robinson; Acrostichum platyneuron L.

HABITAT: Dry rocky and sandy open woods, in calcareous or subacid soils; infrequent. June 25-Aug.

LOCALITIES: Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; terrace, n. slope of South Hill; cemetery, University Ave., Ithaca; Fall Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.); e. shore of Cayuga Lake, near Esty Glen; woods near Mud Creek Swamp; and probably elsewhere.

RANGE: S. Me. to Ont. and Colo., southw. to the Gulf States and Tex., including the Coastal Plain.


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12. DRYOPTERIDACEAE

(WOOD FERN FAMILY)

1. Sori (with indusia) inclosed in globular or necklace-like parts of the much-modified and contracted fertile fronds. go to 2.

1. Sori exposed or simply covered by the reflexed margin of the frond. go to 3.


2. Sterile fronds 1-pinnatifid; veins netted; fertile fronds 2-pinnate; rootstocks creeping. go to 4. ONOCLEA

2. Sterile fronds 2-pinnatifid; veins free; fertile fronds 1-pinnate; rootstocks short, erect. go to 3. MATTEUCCIA


3. Sori elongated. go to 4.

3. Sori orbicular or nearly so. go to 6.


4. Adaxial grooves of costae shallow, not decurrent into the rachis. go to 9. DEPARIA

4. Adaxial grooves of costae deep, decurrent into the rachis. go to 5.


5. Sori usually hooked; fronds usually 2-pinnate or even more divided. go to 10. ATHYRIUM

5. Sori straight, not hooked; fronds 1-pinnate, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate (if 2-pinnate, the veins anastomosing) go to 8. DIPLAZIUM


6. Indusium inferior; fronds not evergreen. go to 9.

6. Indusium superior or lacking; fronds often evergreen. go to 7.


7. Indusium, in local species, entire, peltate; pinnae serrate only, in local species. go to 7. POLYSTICHUM

7. Indusium cordate or lacking; pinnae pinnatifid or pinnate. go to 8.


8. Indusium wanting; rootstocks creeping; fronds easily killed by frost. go to 5. GYMNOCARPIUM

8. Indusium present, horseshoe-shaped or reniform. go to 6. DRYOPTERIS


9. Indusium opening on one side. go to 2. CYSTOPTERIS

9. Indusium splitting into many stellate-spreading shreds. go to 1. WOODSIA


1. WOODSIA R. Br. CLIFF FERN.

1. Stipe articulated a short distance above the base; pinnae chaffy; fronds 5-14 cm. high; indusium divided into slender hairs. 1. Woodsia ilvensis

1. Stipe not articulated; pinnae not chaffy, sparingly glandular-pubescent; fronds 20-56 cm. high; indusium split into a few broad divisions. 2. Woodsia obtusa


1. Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. RUSTY CLIFF FERN, WOODSIE, WOODSIA.

SYNONYM: Acrostichum ilvense L.

HABITAT: Dry exposed sandstone crests, in subacid soils; scarce. June 10-Sept. 15.

LOCALITIES: Caroline, ledge on North Pinnacle; Fall Creek, n. side above and below Triphammer Bridge (D. in C. U. Herb.!); ravine between Renwick and McKinneys (K. M. W. & A. R. Bechtel); Taughannock Gorge, n. side above the falls (A. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels).

RANGE: Lab. to Alaska, southw. to s. N. E., N. Y., Ky., and Iowa, and in the mts. to N. C., including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Greenland and Eurasia.



2. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. BLUNT-LOBED CLIFF FERN.

SYNONYMS: Polypodium obtusum Sprengel; Woodsia perriniana (Sprengel) Hooker & Greville.

HABITAT: Dry but more shaded sandstone cliffs, in calcareous or somewhat acid soils; frequent. June 25-July.

LOCALITIES: Enfield Glen, n. side, on high cliffs above the talus; South Hill, in the "Incline" cut; Fall Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.); McKinney Twin Glens; ravine n. of Esty, on the dry cliffs of the n. side; probably elsewhere.

RANGE: Cent. Me. to Wis., southw. to Ga., Ala., Tex., and Ariz., including the northern Coastal Plain; also in Alaska and B. C.

The veinlets in both species of Woodsia emerge from the parenchyma on the upper side near the tips, thus producing short linear markings which are characteristic. W. obtusa may be distinguished from Cystopteris fragilis, for which it is frequently mistaken, by its less cuneate and more crenate segments, which, together with the stipe, are more or less pubescent.


2. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. BLADDER FERN.

1. Fronds lanceolate, attenuate, often bulblet-bearing beneath; segments and teeth crowded; rhachis not winged; pinnules mostly oblong, obtuse at each end; indusium truncate on the free side. go to 1. Cystopteris bulbifera

1. Fronds ovate-oblong, acute, not bulblet-bearing; segments and teeth more distant, decurrent on the slightly margined rhachis; pinnules mostly oval, more pointed and more cuneate; indusium acute or acuminate, and often lacerate on the free side. go to 2. Cystopteris fragilis


1. Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. BULBLET FERN.

SYNONYM: Polypodium bulbiferum L.

HABITAT: Damp or wet shaded calcareous cliffs and humus, in ravines, and in the vicinity of marl springs; very common. July-Aug.

LOCALITIES: In all the ravines of the basin, where it festoons the rocky walls; also in swamps, as s. of Caroline Depot, along Mud Creek and Beaver Brook, and on Big Gully Point.

RANGE: Newf. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ala., Ark., and Iowa; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain and in granitic N. E.



2. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. COMMON FRAGILE FERN.

SYNONYMS: Polypodium fragile L.; Cystopteris dickieana Sim; C. fragilis subsp. dickieana (Sim) Hylander.

HABITAT: Damp or rather dry shaded cliffs and banks, in somewhat calcareous or even sub-acid gravels and shales; less common than the preceding. June 10-Aug. 10.

LOCALITIES: In nearly all the ravines of the basin, also in steep rocky hillside woods.

RANGE: Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ala., Kans., Ariz., and s. Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Almost cosmopolitan.


3. MATTEUCCIA Todaro. OSTRICH FERN.

1. Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro. OSTRICH FERN.

SYNONYMS: Matteuccia pensylvanica (Willd.) Raym.; Pteretis pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern.; P. nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl.; Onoclea struthiopteris of authors.

HABITAT: Open alluvial slightly acid or slightly calcareous soil, especially on the flood plains of streams; frequent. Sept.-Oct.

LOCALITIES: Key Hill swamp; Inlet, near Lick Brook; Negundo Woods; Etna; Fall Creek, e. of Freeville; Isoetes Pond, Cortland marl ponds; Salmon Creek, s. of Genoa; Paine Creek; Big Gully Point.

RANGE: Newf. to B. C., southw. to Va. and Iowa; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

Slender stolons produce new clumps of fronds.


4. ONOCLEA L. SENSITIVE FERN.

1. Onoclea sensibilis L. SENSITIVE FERN.

SYNONYMS: Onoclea sinsibilis forma hemiphyllodes (Kiss & Kunmmerle) Gilbert; O. sensibilis forma obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Torrey.

HABITAT: Low meadows and thickets, in slightly calcareous or slightly acid soils; common, and generally distributed. Sept.-Oct.

RANGE: Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Okla., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in e. Asia.


5. GYMNOCARPIUM Newman. OAK FERN.

1. Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman. OAK FERN.

SYNONYMS: Polyopodium dryopteris L.; Dryopteris linnaeana C. Christensen; Lastrea dryopteris (L.) Bory; Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson; Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee.

HABITAT: Damp shaded woods in ravines and about swamps, in deep humus, rarely in dry upland woods; frequent. June 15-July.

LOCALITIES: S. of Caroline Depot; Michigan Hollow Swamp; n. and e. of Danby village; Ellis Hollow; Beaver Brook; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde; and in many of the ravines of the basin.

RANGE: Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Va., Kans., Colo., and Oreg.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Greenland and Eurasia.


6. DRYOPTERIS Adans. WOOD FERN.

1. Fronds 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate, obscurely or plainly spinulose-serrate. go to 2.

1. Fronds 3-pinnatifid or 3-pinnate; ultimate segments spinulose-toothed and incised. go to 5.


2. Sori near the margin; pinnules obscurely crenate-serrate; basal scales bright brown. go to 1. Dryopteris marginalis

2. Sori not near the margin. go to 3.


3. Fronds 18-40 cm. wide; pinnae broadest in the middle; pinnules obscurely serrate, oblong-linear; basal scales with a dark center. go to 2. Dryopteris goldiana

3. Fronds 18 cm. wide or less; pinnae broadest at the base; pinnules coarsely spinulose-serrate, short-oblong; basal scales brown, without a dark center. go to 4.


4. Fronds narrow; pinnae 3-8 cm. long, the lowest, at least, ovate; sori as near the margin as the midvein. go to 3. Dryopteris cristata

4. Fronds broader; pinnae 8 cm. long or more, oblong-lanceolate; sori often near the midvein. go to 4. Dryopteris clintoniana


5. Indusium glabrous; segments of the pinnules subacute, somewhat falcate; scales of the stipe pale throughout; fronds usually less finely divided than in the variety; pinnae usually more ascending. go to 5. Dryopteris carthusiana

5. Indusium glandular; segments of the pinnules usually straight, and commonly subtruncate; scales of the stipe pale with a dark center; fronds finely dissected. go to 6. Dryopteris intermedia


1. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. MARGINAL SHIELD FERN.

SYNONYMS: Polypodium marginale L.; Thelypteris marginalis (L.) Nieuwl.; Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw.

HABITAT: Wooded slopes, especially about the ravines, in light humus over both acid and calcareous soils; common. June 20-July.

RANGE: N. S. to B. C., southw. to Ga., Ala., Ark., Kans., and Okla.; less frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.



2. Dryopteris goldiana (Hooker ex Goldie) A. Gray. GOLDIE'S FERN.

SYNONYMS: Aspidium goldianum Hooker ex Goldie; Thelypteris goldiana (Hook.) Nieuwl.

HABITAT: Deep, rich, mostly bottom-land woods, in humus, usually over calcareous soils; scarce. July-Aug.

LOCALITIES: Edge of Michigan Hollow Swamp; Enfield Glen, below Lucifer Falls; Six Mile Creek, below the Narrows and in the Amphitheater; Taughannock Gorge; Salmon Creek, two miles n. of Ludlowville and also s. of Genoa; Paine Creek; near Stark Pond.

RANGE: Cent. Me. to Minn., southw. to N. C., Tenn., and Iowa; rare near the coast. A plant of the rich soil districts of the interior.



3. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray. SWAMP SHIELD FERN.

SYNONYMS: Polypodium cristatum L.; Thelypteris cristata (L.) Nieuwl.; Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw.

HABITAT: Low boggy woodlands and sedgy swamps, in both acid and calcareous soils; frequent. June 25-Aug. 15.

LOCALITIES: W. of Key Hill; Ringwood; Dryden Lake; swamps of Freeville; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean; Beaver Brook; and elsewhere.

RANGE: Newf. to Sask., southw. to Va., Ky., Ark., Nebr., and Idaho, including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia.



4. Dryopteris clintoniana (D.C. Eaton) Dowell. CLINTON'S SHIELD FERN.

SYNONYMS: Aspidium cristatum (L.) Swartz var. clintonianum D.C. Eaton in A. Gray; Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray var. clintoniana (D.C. Eaton) L. Underwood; Thelypteris cristata (L.) Nieuwl., T. cristata var. clintoniana (D.C. Eaton) Weatherby.

HABITAT: Low boggy woodlands; infrequent. June 25-Aug. 15.

LOCALITIES: Ringwood; Etna; Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville; Mud Creek, Freeville; Malloryville Bog; Townley Swamp; w. of East Genoa; Spring Lake.

RANGE: N. H. to Wis., southw. to N. C.; rare on the Coastal Plain.

This species hybridizes with T. marginalis and T. spinulosa including var. intermedia.



5. Dryopteris carthusiana (Villars) H.P. Fuchs. SPINY-TOOTHED SHIELD FERN.

SYNONYMS: Polypodium carthusianum Villars; Dryopteris austriaca (Jacquin) Schinz and Thellung var. spinulosa (O.F. Mueller) Fiori; Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Mueller) Watt; Polypodium spinulosum O.F. Mueller; Thelypteris spinulosa (O.F. Mull.) Nieuwl.; Aspidium spinulosum (O.F. Mull.) Sw.

HABITAT: Damp shady woodlands, in mucky acid or rarely subcalcareous soil; frequent. June 15-Aug.

LOCALITIES: Michigan Hollow; n. of Slaterville; w. of Dryden Lake; Ringwood Swamp; Townley Swamp; low woods w. of East Genoa; n. of Mecklenburg.

RANGE: Lab. to the Selkirks and Idaho, southw. to Va. and Ky., though sparingly on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Greenland and Eu.

A form occurs occasionally with the segments of the upper or of all the pinnae distant.



6. Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray. FANCY FERN, COMMON WOOD FERN.

SYNONYMS: Aspidium intermedium Muhl. ex Willd.; Dryopteris austriaca (Jacquin) Woynar var. intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) C.V. Morton; D. spinulosa (O.F. Mueller) Watt var. intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) L. Underwood; Thelypteris spinulosa (O.F. Mull.) Nieuwl., var. intermedia (Muhl.) Weatherby.

HABITAT: Damp woodlands and ravine banks, in rich acid or subcalcareous humus; very common and widely distributed except on the heavier soils. June 15-Aug.

RANGE: Newf. to Wis., southw. to N. C. and Mo., including the Coastal Plain.

In the borders of swamps where D. cristata occurs, plants are often found which are more or less intermediate in character between D. cristata and D. intermedia, and which are probably hybrids of these two forms. They constitute what has passed as Aspidium boottii. These plants are not constant in character, but seem to represent various combinations of the characters of the two parents.


7. POLYSTICHUM Roth. CHRISTMAS FERN.

1. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. CHRISTMAS FERN.

SYNONYMS: Aspidium acrostichoides of authors; Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx.

HABITAT: Dry rocky, sandy, or gravelly woodlands, in neutral, slightly calcareous to acid, soils; common, especially in ravines, and very generally distributed. June 10-July.

RANGE: N. S. to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Ga., Fla. (?), and Tex., including the Coastal Plain.

A form with the pinnae incised or pinnatifid and the fertile part usually less contracted, is forma incisum (Gray) Gilbert.


8. DIPLAZIUM Swartz. TWIN SORUS FERN.

1. Diplazium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) M. Brown. GLADE FERN.

SYNONYMS: Athyrium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestrom; Asplenium pycnocarpon Sprengel; Homalosorus pycnocarpos (Sprengel) Pichi-Sermolli; Athyrium angustifolium (Michx.) Milde.; Asplenium angustifolium Michx.

HABITAT: Rich bottom-land woods, or deep woods on ravine slopes, with much humus, mostly in neutral soils; infrequent. Aug. 15-Sept. 20.

LOCALITIES: Enfield Glen, just below Lucifer Falls; Six Mile Creek, s. side below the Narrows (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Taughannock Gorge; Salmon Creek, Genoa; Paine Creek; Big Gully; rich woods near Stark Pond; low woods s. w. of Westbury.

RANGE: W. Que. to Wis., southw. to Ga., Ala., Mo., and Kans. A plant of the rich lands of the interior.


9. DEPARIA Hooker & Greville. SILVERY SPLEENWORT.

1. Deparia acrostichoides (Swartz) M. Kato. SILVERY SPLEENWORT.

SYNONYMS: Diplazium acrostichoides (Swartz) Butters; Athyrium acrostichoides (Sw.) Diels.; Asplenium acrostichoides Sw.; A. thelypteroides (Michx.) Desvaux.

HABITAT: Deep rich woods, in humus over rocky or gravelly subcalcareous or slightly acid soils; infrequent. July 25-Sept. 15.

LOCALITIES: N. e. of Spencer Lake; Newfield Glen; Enfield Glen, just below Lucifer Falls; Six Mile Creek, s. side below the Narrows (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Salmon Creek; Big Gully.

RANGE: N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo.; rare on the Coastal Plain. A plant primarily of the Allegheny region. Found also in Asia.

Sterile fronds, especially when young, often resemble those of Thelypteris noveboracencis, from which they may be distinguished by the shaggy pubescence and the hard tooth-like projections on the edges of the stipe near the base.


10. ATHYRIUM Roth. LADY FERN.

1. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Mertens var. angustum (Willd.) G. Lawson. LADY FERN.

SYNONYMS: Aspidium angustum Willd.; Athyrium filix-femina subsp. angustum (Willd.) Clausen; A. felix-femina var. michauxii (Sprengel) Farwell; A. angustum (Willd.) Presl.; Asplenium filix-femina of authors; Polypodium filix-femina L.

HABITAT: Low woods and fields, bogs, and swales, in mucky or gravelly neutral or acid soils; common. July-Sept.

RANGE: Newf. to N. Dak., southw. to Pa., Ill., and Mo., including the northern Coastal Plain.

The fronds are very variable, but the variations are apparently ecological. The typical form and the var. elatius (Link) Butters seem to be sun forms, whereas a broader and less dimorphic shade form is var. rubellum (Gilb.) Butters. (See Rhodora 19:169. 1917.)


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13. POLYPODIACEAE

(POLYPODY FAMILY)

1. POLYPODIUM (Tourn.) L. POLYPODY.

1. Polypodium virginianum L. POLYPODY.

SYNONYMS: Polypodium vinlandicum A. Love & D. Love; P. vulgare L. var. americanum Hooker; P. vulgare var. virginianum (L.) D.C. Eaton; P. vulgare of Amer. authors.

HABITAT: Dry shaded ledges and crests in ravines, in calcareous or somewhat acid soils; common. July 15-Aug.

RANGE: Lab. and Newf. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo., including the Coastal Plain.


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14. MARSILEACEAE

(WATER-CLOVER FAMILY)

1. MARSILEA L. WATER-CLOVER.

1. Marsilea quadrifolia L. WATER-CLOVER, PEPPERWORT.

HABITAT: Slow-flowing, calcareous or neutral, waters; locally abundant. Sept.-Nov.

LOCALITIES: Eddy Pond, formerly (site of the Girls' Playground, Cascadilla Glen); in Fall Creek, near its mouth and along Renwick Beach; also on various points along the lake shore to Union Springs.

Said to have been introduced by the early local botanists.

RANGE: Native of Eurasia.


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15. AZOLLACEAE

(AZOLLA FAMILY)

1. AZOLLA Lam. AZOLLA.

1. Azolla caroliniana Willd. WATER-FERN, MOSQUITO FERN.

HABITAT: Quiet waters; very rare.

LOCALITIES: "Cayuga Marshes, at the foot of Cayuga Lake," 1879 (D. in C. U. Herb.); not seen in recent years.

RANGE: Ont. and Mass. (?) to B. C., southw. to Fla. and Mex. Found also in tropical Am.


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